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The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095 km (227,481 mi), of which 116,802 km (72,577 mi) are paved, making it 9th largest of any country. According to the Constitution of Mexico Article 27, the entirety of the coastlines is under federal ownership. Although Mexico has significantly increased its renewable electricity generation from wind and solar sources, it is still dependent on fossil fuels for the majority of its energy. Energy production in Mexico is managed by the state-owned companies Federal Commission of Electricity and Pemex.

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Nevertheless, according to a Goldman Sachs report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world. This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations whereas its literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. The OECD also notes that Mexico’s budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development are only about a third of the OECD average. According to said council, from 2006 to 2010 (the year on which the CONEVAL published its first nationwide report of poverty) the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people). Remittances are directed to Mexico by direct links from a U.S. government banking program. In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.

• Many state-owned industrial enterprises were privatized starting in the 1990s with neoliberal reforms, but Pemex, the state-owned petroleum company is only slowly being privatized, with exploration licenses being issued.
• His success is attributed to the country’s opposing political forces exhausting their chances as well as AMLO’s adoption of a moderate discourse with a focus on reconciliation.
• The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, or Greater Mexico City, which in 2020 had a population of 21.8 million, or around 18% of the nation’s population.
• General Antonio López de Santa Anna emerged as a national hero because of his role in both these conflicts; Santa Anna came to dominate the politics for the next 25 years, often known as the “Age of Santa Anna”, until his overthrow in 1855.
• The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country’s resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%.

Meet the Indigenous women behind Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum’s ‘most stylish’ looks

With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Meet indigenous people who continue to practice the traditions passed down from their ancestors. There will always be a contingent of people who prefer their breakfasts to be on the sweeter side, but it’s hard to beat the tantalizing power of a bacon, egg, and cheese taco. Plaza México in Mexico City, which seats 45,000 people, is the largest bullring in the world.

As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing, most since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.

• Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day.
• The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to the 16th century when Spaniards arrived in the Americas.
• Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely the Valley of Mexico and surrounding territories, with its people being known as the Mexica.
• The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Cofetel (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones).
• The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups.

In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal Vicente Guerrero, a signatory of the Plan of Iguala that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. Toward the end of the post-Classic period, the Aztecs (or Mexica) established dominance, establishing a political and economic empire based in the city of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), extending from central Mexico to the border with Guatemala. At this time, during the Epi-Classic, Nahua peoples began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of Oto-Manguean languages.

Former Royal Army General Agustín de Iturbide became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a constitutional monarch from Europe. There were military coups d’état, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between Conservatives and Liberals, and economic stagnation. On 16 September 1810, secular priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared against “bad government” in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato. The riot over the price of maize escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and the archbishop’s residence attacked by the mob. Among the best-known pirate attacks are the 1663 Sack of Campeche and the 1683 Attack on Veracruz.

Christmas in Mexico: Navidad en Mexico, a Mexican holiday resource page

The “Big Three” (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while Volkswagen and Nissan built their plants in the 1960s. Mexico is the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. By 2050, Mexico could potentially become the world’s fifth or seventh-largest economy. After the slowdown of 2001 the country recovered and grew 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006, even though it is considered to be well below Mexico’s potential growth.

Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. Major players in the broadcasting industry are Televisa, the largest Mexican media company in the Spanish-speaking world, TV Azteca and Imagen Televisión. Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos (Satmex), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States.

Tzeltal and Tzotzil, two other Mayan languages, are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern state of Chiapas. Nahuatl is spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by Yucatec Maya, used daily by nearly 850,000 people. The second largest group comes from neighboring Guatemala (54,500), followed by Spain (27,600). As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, an estimated 37.2 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the US population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry.

After twelve years, in the 2012 presidential election, the PRI again won the presidency with the election of Enrique Peña Nieto. López Obrador, however, contested the election and pledged to create an “alternative government”. In the 2006 presidential election, Felipe Calderón from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin (0.58%) over leftist politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). After 71 years of rule, the incumbent PRI lost the 2000 presidential election to Vicente Fox of the opposing conservative National Action Party (PAN).

Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000 people, had some of the largest pyramidal structures in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic Maya Hieroglyphic script, the earliest written histories date from this era. Mexico is a newly industrialized and developing country, with the world’s 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 13th-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The federal legislature consists of the bicameral Congress of the Union, comprising the Chamber of Deputies, which represents the population, and the Senate, which provides equal representation for each state. The late 20th century saw a shift towards neoliberalism, marked by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst unrest in Chiapas.

According to Soledad: memories of a Mexican childhood

Starting in the late seventeenth century, and, most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and images of racial types, so-called casta painting appeared. As with most art during the early modern era in the West, colonial-era Mexican art was religious during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Pre-Columbian Mexican art is present in buildings and caves, in Aztec codices, in ceramics, in garments, etc.; examples of this are the Maya mural paintings of Bonampak or the murals found in Teotihuacán, Cacaxtla and Monte Albán. Other Mexican intellectuals grappled with the idea of Lo Mexicano, which seeks “to discover the national ethos of Mexican culture.” Nobel laureate Octavio Paz explores the notion of a Mexican national character in The Labyrinth of Solitude. In light of the ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.

The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality. It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its constitution and congress. Of these, 300 are elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies. The United Mexican States is a federation whose government is representative, democratic, and republican based on a presidential system according to the 1917 Constitution. His success is attributed to the country’s opposing political forces exhausting their chances as well as AMLO’s adoption of a moderate discourse with a focus on reconciliation. After founding the new political party MORENA, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (commonly known as AMLO) won the 2018 presidential election with over 50% of the vote.

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Mexico,ab officially the United Mexican States,c is a country in North America.

In 1493 the pope granted sweeping powers to the Spanish monarchy for its overseas empire, with the proviso that the crown spread Christianity in its new realms. The 1521 capture of Tenochtitlan and posterior founding of the Spanish capital Mexico City on its ruins was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as Nueva España (New Spain). During the early post-classic era (ca. 1000–1519 AD), Central Mexico was dominated by the Toltec culture, Oaxaca by the Mixtec, and the lowland Maya area had important centers at Chichén Itzá and Mayapán. The tradition of writing was important after the Spanish conquest in 1521, with indigenous scribes learning to write their languages in alphabetic letters, while also continuing to create pictorial texts. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca, and the Valley of Mexico. In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into chiefdoms.

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Despite its difficult topography, Mexico’s roadway is extensive and most areas in the country are covered. In Mexican cities along the Mexico–United States https://lunarcapital.space/ border, the most lucrative hospitality industry is now medical tourism, with remnants of the traditional motivations that drove tourists to Mexico’s northern borderlands for nearly a century. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há.

While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, Mexico has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles. Organized sport in Mexico largely dates from the late nineteenth century, with only bullfighting having a long history dating to the early colonial era. Beverages such as atole, champurrado, milk chocolate and aguas frescas were born; desserts such as acitrón and the full range of crystallized sweets, rompope, cajeta, jericaya and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country.

Foods indigenous to Mexico include corn, pepper vegetables, calabazas, avocados, sweet potato, turkey, many beans, and other fruits and spices. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions. Mexico was a pioneer in edutainment, with TV producer Miguel Sabido creating in 1970s “soap operas for social change”.

The federal legislature is the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in ecosystems and fourth in overall species. Climate change is impacting Mexicans’ health, exacerbating human migration, and increasing extinction risk for Mexico’s biodiversity, as protected areas are expected to face warming temperatures and decreased precipitation.

The Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneous founded by Rufino Tamayo is also considered a preeminent institution and introduced foreign artists to a wider population. Institutions like the Museo Jumex, the largest collection of its kind, founded by collector Eugenio López Alonso and bolstered by art advisor Esthella Provas, changed the notion of contemporary art in Latin America. In the 21st century, Mexico City became home to the highest concentration of art museums in the world. They were commissioned by the Mexican government to paint large-scale historical murals on the walls of public buildings, which helped shape popular perceptions of the Mexican Revolution and Mexican cultural identity. Important painters of the late colonial period were Juan Correa, Cristóbal de Villalpando and Miguel Cabrera.

Although the constitution prohibited the reelection of the president, Obregón wished to run again and the constitution was amended to allow non-consecutive re-election; he won the 1928 elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession. The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. The first quarter-century of the post-revolutionary period (1920–1946) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as Presidents of Mexico, including Álvaro Obregón (1920–24), Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), Lázaro Cárdenas (1934–40), and Manuel Avila Camacho (1940–46). General Adolfo de la Huerta became interim president, followed by the election of General Álvaro Obregón.

In the 2020 census, 36,764 Mexicans belonged to a spiritualist religion, a category which includes a tiny Buddhist population. The modern Jewish Community began to be formed in the late 19th and early 20th century when Jews from Europe and the Ottoman Empire immigrated to Mexico due to instability and antisemitism. The presence of Jews in Mexico dates LunarCapital back to the 16th century when Spaniards arrived in the Americas. The 97,864,218 Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after Brazil’s. However, in 2015, a high level of English proficiency was limited to 5% of the population. It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study English through public schools, private institutions, or self-access channels.

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